Differences

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--- language:connections [2019/04/18 18:16] – [Connecting types to their implementation] rajit
+++ language:connections [2023/04/09 23:13] (current) – [Assertions] rajit
@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 variables of type ''bool''.
-<code>
+<code act>
 bool x, y;
 x=y;
@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 parameters.
-<code>
+<code act>
 pint x, y;
 x=5;
@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 meta-language variables is not symmetric, as illustrated below.
-<code>
+<code act>
 pint x, y;
 x=5;
 x=y*1+2;
+</code>
+<code>
 -[ERROR]-> id: y
            FATAL: Uninitialized identifier
@@ Line 49: / Line 51: @@
 meta-language variable assignments.
-<code>
+<code act>
 pint x;
 x=5;
 x=8;
+</code>
+<code>
 -[ERROR]-> Id: x
            FATAL: Setting immutable parameter that has already been set
@@ Line 72: / Line 76: @@
 parameter variables as //immutable types//---they can only be
 defined once.
 ===== Array and subrange connections =====
@@ Line 82: / Line 87: @@
 nodes ''y[10]'', ..., ''y[19]'' respectively.
-<code>
+<code act>
 bool x[10];
 bool y[10..19];
@@ Line 90: / Line 95: @@
 Connecting two arrays of differing sizes is an error.
-<code>
+<code act>
 bool x[10];
 bool y[10..20];
 x=y;
+</code>
+<code>
 -[ERROR]-> Connection: x = y
              LHS: bool[10]
@@ Line 106: / Line 113: @@
 ''y[16]''.
-<code>
+<code act>
 x[3..7] = y[12..16];
 </code>
@@ Line 125: / Line 132: @@
 so on.
-<code>
+<code act>
 bool x[3..4][5..6];
 bool y[2][2];
@@ Line 134: / Line 141: @@
 become aliases for each other. So while the connection statement
-<code>
+<code act>
 x[3..4][5..6] = y[0..1][0..1];
 </code>
@@ Line 143: / Line 150: @@
 visible in the case of sparse arrays.
-<code>
+<code act>
 bool x[3..4][5..6];
 bool y[2][2];
 x = y;
 bool x[5..5][5..5];
+</code>
+<code>
 -[ERROR]-> Array being extended after it has participated in a connection
              Type: bool[ [3..4][5..6]+[5..5][5..5] ]
@@ Line 177: / Line 186: @@
 it in braces.
-<code>
+<code act>
 bool x[3];
 bool x0,x1,x2;
@@ Line 197: / Line 206: @@
 (excluding the left-most dimension).
-<code>
+<code act>
 bool x[5];
 bool y[3];
@@ Line 211: / Line 220: @@
 list of lower dimensional arrays enclosed in braces.
-<code>
+<code act>
 bool x[2];
 bool y[2];
@@ Line 230: / Line 239: @@
 row and one column from a two-dimensional array.
-<code>
+<code act>
 bool row[4],col[4];
 bool y[4][4];
@@ Line 241: / Line 250: @@
 following is a valid connection statement:
-<code>
+<code act>
 bool a[2][4];
 bool b[4..4][4..7];
@@ Line 268: / Line 277: @@
 implements an ''int<1>''.
-<code>
+<code act>
 int<1> x;
 d1of2 y;
@@ Line 289: / Line 298: @@
 recommended one. It is only being used to illusrate how connections behave.)
-<code>
+<code act>
 chp {
    x:=1;
@@ Line 306: / Line 315: @@
 code. Consider the following scenario:
-<code>
+<code act>
 int<2> ivar;
 d1of4 x;
@@ Line 328: / Line 337: @@
 situation, where ''bar'' and ''baz'' are both subtypes of ''foo''.
-<code>
+<code act>
 foo f1;
 bar b1;
@@ Line 350: / Line 359: @@
 ==== Port connections ====
+When instantiating a variable of a user-defined type, the variables in
+the parameter list can be connected to other variables by using a
+mechanism akin to parameter passing.
+<code act>
+defproc dualrail (bool d0, d1, a)
+{
+  spec {
+    exclhi(d0,d1)  // exclusive high directive
+  }
+}
+bool d0,d1,da;
+dualrail c(d0,d1,da);
+</code>
+In the example above, nodes ''d0'', ''d1'', and ''da'' are
+connected to ''c.d0'', ''c.d1'', and ''c.da'' respectively.
+Nodes can be omitted from the connection list. The following statement
+connects ''d1'' to ''c.d1'' after instantiating ''c''.
+<code act>
+dualrail c(,d1,);
+</code>
+Since parameter passing is treated as a connection, all the varied
+connection mechanisms are supported in parameter lists as well.
+Two other mechanisms for connecting ports are supported. The first
+mechanism omits the type name.  The example below is equivalent to the
+one we just saw.
+<code act>
+dualrail c;
+c(,d1,);
+</code>
+While this may appear to not be useful (since the earlier example is
+shorter), it can be helpful in the context of array declarations. For
+example, consider the following scenario:
+<code act>
+dualrail c[4];
+bool d1[4];
+(i:4: c[i](,d1[i],); )
+</code>
+A second mechanism is useful to avoid having to remember the order of
+ports in a process definition. Instead of using the port list of the
+form where we simply specify the instance to be passed in to the port,
+we can instead use the following syntax.
+<code act>
+bool d1;
+dualrail c(.d1=d1);
+dualrail x[4];
+bool xd1, xd0;
+x[0](.d1=xd1,.d0=xd0);
+</code>